The Banking System in the United States美国的银行业
The Commercial Banking System Today in the United States
Several of the characteristics of American banking just discussed carry over into today's commercial banking system. Prominent among these is the dual-chartering system; that is, we continue to have commercial bank charters issued at two different levels of government. National banks receive their charters from the Comptroller of Currency~. Any national bank must have somewhere in its corporate title the word "national". Thus, for example, "Wells Fargo Bank, National Association" indicates that this bank has a federal charter. All national banks must be members of the Federal Reserve System.
Most banks, however, receive their charters from the appropriate agency of their respective state. They are under the supervision of their state's banking authority. However, state-chartered commercial banks may elect to become members of the Federal Reserve System, but this not mandatory for them as it is for national banks. If state-chartered banks~ elect membership in the Federal Reserve System, they come under the supervision of two banking authorities, state and national.
Thus, the American commercial banking system is comprised of two types of banks: the member banks of the Federal Reserve System which are national banks and those state-chartered banks electing membership; and nonmember state-chartered banks. Today' s banking system in the United States is comprised of more than 14,000 individual banks. Of this number, well under 50 percent are member banks of the Federal Reserve System——only 5,788 commercial banks out of a total of 14,633, or roughly 40 percent. These member banks, however, commanded the largest share of commercial banks resources, about three-fourths as of June 30, 1976. They held over three-fourths of deposits subject to check, $202,144 million as of the same date, which represented some 67 percent of our total money supply.
Although the national banks did~ continue a considerable advance in American commercial banking development, they also brought with them disadvantages. Their improvements included the establishment of a safe, uniform currency and a reduction in the number of commercial bank failures through strengthening due to more conservative standards of regulation and examination. There also developed a measure of correspondent banking relations through the provision for regarding, deposits in reserve city and central reserve city banks as reserves. But this last feature also was the System's greatest weakness. The National Bank System provided for the concentration go existing reserves into the city banks, but no provision was made for the creation of new reserves when necessary.
In our discussion, these two characteristics of present-day commercial banks will be in the forefront of much of our analysis: First, commercial banks create deposit liabilities against themselves, instead of note issue as the early banks did; and second, commercial banks today hold a wide variety of earning assets, not just short-term, self-liquidating loans~. One thing, however, continues to be just as true today as it was in the days of the banker: creation of money occurs when two opposite transactions take place simultaneously between the commercial bank and the customer~ The commercial bank increases its debt to the customer, and the customer puts himself into debt to the bank by the same amount. This simultaneous exchange of liabilities is significant because one of the debts created——the demand deposit liability——is money while the other-the loan——earns income for the bank.
From Money and Banking
参考资料：
美国的银行体系
自1782年美国第一家银行——北美银行（Bank.fNorthAmerica）成立以来，美国金融业经过长达200多年的发展，目前已形成了一个以商业银行为主，包括中央银行、储蓄机构、投资银行和政府专业性银行在内的庞大体系。
一、美国的联邦储备体系（Federal Reserve System）
联邦储备体系，即美国的中央银行。它是根据1913年12月23日美国总统威尔逊签署的联邦储备法而建．立起来的，简称联储（FED）。
联储的组成包括以下几部分：（1）联邦储备银行。联邦储备银行共有12家，分别设在波士顿、纽约、费城、克利夫兰、里土满、亚特兰大、芝加哥、圣•路易斯、明尼阿波利斯、堪萨斯、达拉斯和旧金山。它们在各自负责的地区执行中央银行的职能。除以上12家联邦储备银行外，凡根据联邦法律在联邦注册成立的国民银行都必须参加联邦储备体系，成为成员银行。其他根据各州法律在州政府注册成立的银行，如符合条件并愿意参加联邦储备体系的，则可自愿申请加入。（2）联邦储备委员会。联邦储备委员会（FRB）设在首都华盛顿，由7名理事组成，负责管理整个联邦储备体系。理事会成员和主席均由总统任命。该委员会负责制定有关法律规则并监督其实施，制定和审查批准储备金要求、存款最高利率及贴现率等。（3）联邦公开市场委员会。联邦公开市场委员会负责制定联储的短期货币政策，由12名成员组成，包括联储委员会理事及部分联储银行行长。该委员会所制定的货币政策通过设在纽约联储银行的公开市场桌（Open Market Desk），在一个称之为“公开市场帐户”的特殊帐户买卖美国政府和联邦机构的债券及承兑银行票据来实现。（4）联邦咨询委员会。联邦咨询委员会由每个联邦储备区选派一名成员组成，是一个政策咨询和建议机构。
美国联邦储备体系的特点在于：（1）联储体系不是由联邦政府控制，而是由12个地区联储银行和联储委员会共同执行中央银行职能。（2）联储体系由成员银行共同拥有，而不是由联邦政府所有，其性质是私有的，具有很强的独立性，在制定和执行货币政策时不需要得到政府和国会的批准。
二、美国的商业银行体系
商业银行是美国银行体系的中坚力量。多年来，美国的商业银行体系形成了其独特的形式，主要有以下几方面特点：
1．双轨银行制度
按对商业银行的管血体制划分，美国的商业银行可分为在联邦政府注册的国民银行和在州政府注册的州立银行两种，这就是美国独特的双轨银行制度。国民银行必须是联邦储备体系的成员银行，受财政部货币总监、联储和联邦存款保险公司的监督管理。州银行则不一定要参加联储及联邦存款保险公司。
长期以来，美国的商业银行总数一直保持在1万家以上。其中国民银行占50％左右。但国民银行中有许多是实力雄厚的大银行，如花旗银行（City Bank）、大通银行（Chase Manhattan Bank）、美洲银行（Bank of American）等等。这些银行也是美国主要的国际性大银行。
2．单一银行制度
单一银行制度是在三十年代世界性经济危机后在美国实行的，其目的是为了保证银行经营的安全性。单一银行制度的内容是不允许银行跨州设立分支机构，同时商业银行也不能经营投资银行业务。因此美国商业银行的经营无论是在地域范围还是业务范围上都受到很大限制。
80年代以来，金融自由化的浪潮遍及全球，美国的单一银行制度也受到了很大冲击，商业银行纷纷要求放松这方面的限制以适应日趋激烈'的竞争，有关法律已有所松动，美国商业银行的经营的自由度正在逐步扩大。
3．联邦存款保险公司
美国的联邦存款保险公司是根据1933年的银行法令建立起来的。根据有关法律规定，各银行要向联邦存款保险公司缴纳保险基金，而联邦存款保险公司有责任在投保银行倒闭时保证存款人的财产不致受到损失。此外，该公司还拥有检查监督的权力，成为会员银行的后盾。
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