法律翻译技巧（1）

法律翻译之状语从句

由于法律语言逻辑性很强，所以作者在写法律语言时一般都表现处比较明显的逻辑关系。而逻辑关系比较常见的表现方式时状语从句。英语中的状语从句一般包括条件状语从句、转折状语从句、时间状语从句、因果状语从句等。在翻译这几种状语从句时，可以根据它们的逻辑关系和中文表达习惯来进行翻译。在表达中文译文时，可以用中文中所对应的一些关系词，如因为…所以…，如果…则…，尽管…但是…,在….时…，在…之前或之后…，但是等。此外，在对这几种状语从句进行翻译时，可对译文的语序进行适当调整，当然有时也不需要调整。
1、The valuation determined by the Independent Appraiser shall be the valuation adopted by the Parties for purposes of this provision save that where the valuation is a State-owned asset valuation required by Applicable Laws, the Parties may agree an adjustment to such valuation where and to the extent permitted under Applicable Laws.
参考译文：在本条中，由独立评估师确定的价值为双方认定的合营公司价值。但如果相关法律就国有资产的保全另有规定，双方可同意对上述评估价值在相关法律允许的范围内进行调整。
解释：原文中的“where the valuation is a State-owned asset valuation required by Applicable Laws”状语从句，在译文中就按照中文的表达习惯和逻辑关系被翻译成了“如果相关法律就国有资产的保全另有规定”。其中“save that”的本意是“除了…之外”，但根据中文的表达习惯和逻辑关系，在译文中被翻译成了“但是”。整个句子被翻译成两个句子，两个句子之间的关系是一种转折关系。这样，译文既表达了作者的原意，又达到了译文必须通顺大的目的。
2、Notwithstanding clauses (a) and (b) of this Article 5.6 above, the Assigning Party may transfer all or part of its amount of the registered capital of the Company to an Affiliate (the “Affiliate Assignee”) of the Assigning Party on the following conditions：
参考译文：尽管有上述5.6 条（a）、（b）款的规定，转让方可将持有的合营公司注册资本份额部分或全部按下列条款转让给其某一关联机构（“关联受让方”）：
解释：原文中的“Notwithstanding clauses (a) and (b) of this Article 5.6 above”尽管只是一个短语，但根据上下文的意思和逻辑关系以及中文的表达习惯，在译文中它还是被翻译成了一种让步状语从句。
3、the Assigning Party shall acknowledge and agree that to the extent that the Affiliate Assignee fails to perform any obligation hereunder, the Assigning Party is not released from, and remains jointly and severally liable with the Affiliate Assignee for, the full performance of the provisions of this Contract and any damages for the breach thereof.
参考译文：转让方应承诺如果关联受让方未能履行本合同项下的义务，转让方并不因此解除该义务，仍对本合同条款的全部履行和任何违约所致的损失与关联受让方承担连带责任。
解释：在原文中，“to the extent that”的原意是指“在…范围内”，但在译文中，译者按照上下文意思和前后文的逻辑关系，将之翻译为“如果….，则…”。
4、The Parties acknowledge that if the Company achieves the operations, revenue and earnings targets anticipated by the Parties, one or more increases in the registered capital of the Company will be required to support the expansion of the Company's business.
参考译文：如果双方一致认为要使合营公司达到双方预期的经营、收入和利润目标，合营公司需要进行一次或多次增资以适应合营公司业务的发展。
解释：原文的宾语从句是一个条件状语从句。译者在对其进行翻译时，按照原文语序将其翻译为一个条件状语从句。
5、In the event that the Company’s operations are reduced substantially from the scale of operation originally anticipated by the Parties, or the Company experiences substantial and continuing losses resulting in negative retained earnings not anticipated by the Parties in the agreed Business Plan, or in any other circumstance permitted under Applicable Laws or agreed by the Parties, the Parties may agree to reduce the registered capital of the Company on a pro rata basis.
参考译文：如果合营公司的经营规模比双方原来预期的规模有大幅度缩减，或合营公司持续遭受严重亏损，导致在双方商定的业务计划中所未预期的盈余保留负数，或在任何相关法律允许或双方一致同意的情况下，则双方可以协议按原有出资比例减资。
解释：在英文法律英语中，if、in the event that、in the case that、where等词一般来说都表示一种条件关系。在翻译这种条件关系的句子时，一般都将之翻译为条件关系状语从句。在该句中，译者就将之翻译为以“如果…则…”为关系词的条件状语从句。
6、The Chairman, following consultation with the Vice Chairman, shall decide on the timing and location of such interim Board meeting, provided that such interim Board meeting shall be held not less than [fifteen (15)] days and not more than [forty-five (45)] days following delivery of such request.
参考译文：董事长经与副董事长协商后，应确定此次临时董事会会议的时间和地点，但是举行该临时董事会会议的时间必须在提议提交后十五日到四十五日之间。
解释：“provided that”或“providing that”等词在法律语言中是一个常见的用词，其意思是“但是”、“条件”等。在翻译含有这种词的法律句子时，可以将翻译为一种转折状语从句。在本句中，译者就将其翻译为“但是”，将原文翻译成为一种转折性状语从句。
7、The fees of the expert shall be paid by [the Company] [the Parties pro rata to their respective interests in the registered capital of the Company unless the expert determines that the conduct of one Party in relation to the matter in question is so egregious that it alone should pay the fees of the expert].
参考译文：专家的费用应由[合营公司]或[双方按其在公司注册资本中的比例按比例]分担[除非由于一方的行为与该待决事项有非同寻常的紧密联系，专家决定应由该方单独承担专家费用]。
解释：“unless”一词的含义是“除非…否则….”，译者在翻译这种状语从句时，可以按照原意将其翻译成为一种转折性状语从句。
8、Given the requirement that all transfers of registered capital must be approved by the original examination and approval authority, and because such original examination and approval authority will require signed consents, waivers of pre-emptive rights and unanimous board resolutions, it is very difficult to achieve and put into effect a deemed consent to any transfer as provided in this Article 5.6(b).
参考译文：假如存在一项关于注册资本的所有转让均必须经过原审批机关批准的规定，而且因为该原审批机关要求公司提供经过签署的同意书、优先权放弃书和经过一致通过的董事会决议，则按照的5.6（b）的规定，对任何此等转让的假定同意就很难实现和生效。
解释：原文中，because所引导的从句是一个原因状语从句，在译文中译者也将其翻译为原因状语从句。当然在原文中，这个原因状语从句是套在“Given”这个词所引导的条件状语从句中的，所以在译文中，”because”引导的原因从句还是在“假如”引导的条件状语从句中。
9、As a general principle, the Chinese name of a joint venture should not begin with Chinese characters denoting “China”, “State” or “international”, and the English name of the joint venture typically also cannot include such designations either since the English name (although not subject to approval and registration) usually is translated literally in accordance with the Chinese characters.
参考译文：作为一般原则，合营企业的中文名称不得以“中国”、“国家”或“国际”等中文词语开头，其英文名称一般也不得含有此等词语，因为英文名（虽然无需批准）称通常是按照中文名称逐字翻译的。
解释：在原文中，有两个引导词，即“since”和“although”。这两个词分别形成了一个原因状语从句和让步状语从句。同时，由于两个从句和两个主句的联结关系都不强，所以译者在翻译时都不它们放在了主句的后面。
10、If the respective managers of the Parties fail to resolve the Deadlock Matter within [five (5)] Business Days after the Deadlock Matter is referred to them under Article 8.4(a), the Parties shall, immediately upon the expiry of such [five (5)]-Business Day period, refer the Deadlock Matter to the Group Managing Director of Party B and the equivalent officer of Party A for their resolution.
参考译文：如果双方各自的高级管理人员未能在董事会投票僵持事项按第8.4（a）条提交给他们后[五（5）]个工作日内解决该投票僵局，双方应在上述[五（5）]个工作日期限届满时，立即将该投票僵持事项提交给乙方的相关事业部总裁及相当的甲方官员予以解决。
解释：“after”或“before”等词引导的时间状语从句，在译文中一般都可以翻译成时间状语短语。在本句中，译者就将“after”引导的时间状语从句翻译成一个时间状语短语。
11、When any dispute occurs and is the subject of friendly consultations or arbitration, the Parties shall continue to exercise their remaining respective rights and fulfil their remaining respective obligations under this Contract, except in respect of those matters under dispute.
参考译文：在发生争议，且该争议需要友好协商或仲裁时，各方当事人应当继续履行各自在本合同项下的各项权利和义务，但争议所涉及的各项事项除外。解释：在原文中，“when”引导的时间状语从句，在译文中被译者翻译为时间短语状语。

法律翻译之定语从句

无庸讳言，英文定语从句是翻译中的一个难点。在法律翻译中，英文定语从句也是一个难点。一般来说，对定语从句的处理方式一般有二种方式：第一种，在定语从句被翻译过来后，把它放在修饰词的前面，此种方式为最常见的方式。但是，如果定语从句的译文太长，放在修饰词会觉得很拖沓冗长，会让中国人看了感觉很累，这就要运用第二中方式；第二种方式是， 把定语从句与主句分离，让定语从句独立出来，或者放在主句的后面，或者与主句完全分离，成为一个独立的分句。例如：
1、If the other Party does not exercise its pre-emptive right of purchase within [thirty (30)] days after delivery of such notice, such other Party shall be deemed to have consented to such transfer and covenants that it will sign all necessary documents in connection therewith and will cause the directors appointed by it to attend in person, by proxy or by telecommunications any Board meeting at which such transfer is to be considered and to vote in favor of a resolution approving such transfer or to sign a written resolution circulated in lieu of such a meeting of the Board, as the case may be.
参考译文：如果在递交上述通知后的[三十（30）]日内另一方没有行使其优先购买权，则视为该方同意此转让，该方承诺将签署所有必要的相关文件，并将促使其委派的董事亲自参加、通过代理人或通讯设备参加审议此转让事宜的董事会并投票赞成批准此转让的决议，或签署在董事间传阅的相关书面决议。
解释：原文中的“any Board meeting at which such transfer is to be considered”这个定语从句就被译者按照中文的表达习惯被放在了修饰词“董事会”的前面。这样，在译文中，定语从句的中文译文成了一个短语。
2、The purchase price for all or part of a Party's share of the registered capital of the Company shall be calculated by multiplying the value of the Company as determined above by the percentage of such Party's share of the registered capital to be transferred.
参考译文：购买合营公司注册资本全部或部分份额的价款计算方法如下：以上述方式确定的合营公司的价值乘以转让方拟转让份额占注册资本总额的比例。
解释：原文中的“the value of the Company as determined above”其实也是一个定语从句，可用定语从句的第一种处理方式把它放在修饰词的前面。
3、In determining the amount of any reduction in the Company’s registered capital, the Parties may request an Independent Appraiser to perform a valuation of the Company using the Industry Valuation Method, and/or applying such other factors as the Parties mutually deem appropriate.
参考译文：在决定合营公司注册资本减少的数额时，双方可聘请独立评估师采用行业评估方法，并/或考虑双方相互认为适当的其他因素对合营公司进行评估。
解释：原文中的“such other factors as the Parties mutually deem appropriate”就是一个以factors为引导词的定语从句，在译文中译者运用第一种处理方式将从句放在了被修饰词的前面。
4、Subject to the approval of the Examination and Approval Authority, if at any time Applicable Laws or the policies of the relevant government authorities permit a foreign investor to hold an equity interest greater than that currently held by Party B in the Company in the [describe industry sector] industry, undertaking equivalent or similar business to that of the Company, Party B shall have the option (but not the obligation), by notice to Party A given at any time, to increase its percentage interest in the registered capital of the Company to a percentage specified by Party B, which shall be any percentage up to and including the maximum permissible under Applicable Laws of the PRC or policies of the government authorities at the time of exercise (the "Party B Equity Step-up Option").
参考译文：如果根据相关法律或有关政府部门的政策，在[产业部门]产业，与合营公司的业务相同或相似的所有企业中，允许外国投资者持有的股权份额大于乙方在合营公司中现持有的股权份额，经审批机关批准，乙方应有选择权（但无义务），可在任何时间通知甲方增加其在合营公司注册资本中所占份额至乙方通知中确定的百分比，该增加的份额可为当时中国相关法律或政府部门政策允许的最高限额之内的任何份额（包括最高限额）（“乙方股份递增选择权”）。
解释：原文中的“which shall be any percentage up to and including the maximum permissible under Applicable Laws of the PRC or policies of the government authorities at the time of exercise”是一个修饰“percentage”的非限制性定语从句，对被修饰词“percentage”起到一种补充说明的作用。一般来说，对非限制性定语从句，译者在对起进行翻译时将之放在整个句子的后，这样会对被修饰词起到一种补充说明的作用。这种处理方式也就是前面所说的第二种处理方式。在该句中，译者就是按照定语从句的第二种方式来处理的。
5、Party B [on the basis of a State-owned asset valuation of the interest in the registered capital of the Company held by Party A by the Independent Appraiser (adjusted to the extent permitted under Applicable Laws as [agreed by the Parties] [determined by Party B in its absolute discretion]) and record filed with SASAC or the relevant Finance Authorities (as appropriate) and which is, in form and substance, acceptable to Party B.]
参考译文：乙方[根据独立评估师对甲方持有的注册资本份额进行的国有资产价值评估结果（ [由双方一致同意][由乙方单方决定] 在相关法律允许的范围内进行调整），并以乙方认可的形式和内容到国资委或相关财政部门（以适用者为准）备案。
解释：在原句中，有五个定语从句，“adjusted to the extent permitted under Applicable Laws”、“as [agreed by the Parties”和“determined by Party B in its absolute discretion”这三个定语从句的被修饰词是“State-owned asset valuation”，“held by Party A”这个定语从句修饰“the interest in the registered capital of the Company”，而“which is, in form and substance, acceptable to Party B”这个定语从句的被修饰词也是“the interest in the registered capital of the Company”。译者在翻译这些定语从句时，根据上下文的意思和中文的表达习惯，既有把它们的一部分放在被修饰词的前面，也有把它们当中的另一部分放在了后面，甚至将其最后一个定语从句独立出来被当作状语被放到了谓语动词的前面。

法律翻译之宾语从句

在法律翻译中，宾语从句的翻译相对来说比较简单。一般来说，按照原文的顺序翻译就可以。但是有时也需要根据上下文的意思，把主句谓语和从句分开。
1、For the purposes of each increase in the interest of Party B in the registered capital of the Company in accordance with the provisions of this Article 5.10, each Party shall:
(i) procure that each director appointed by it will either attend a meeting of the Board and vote in favour of a Board resolution or sign a written resolution approving the transfer of the interest in the registered capital of the Company from Party A to Party B and/or the increase in the registered capital of the Company and the change in the Parties' respective interests in the registered capital of the Company (as the case may be);
(ii) agree and enter into a transfer of equity interest agreement or a similar agreement setting out the terms of the transfer of interest in the registered capital of the Company based on the agreed terms set out in this Contract。
参考译文：为了使乙方每次依照第5.10 条规定增加其在合营公司注册资本中所占百分比得以实现，双方应：
(i) 促使其委派的每一位董事参加董事会并就甲方向乙方转让出资以及/或对合营公司注册资本进行增资（以适用者为准）并改变双方在注册资本中所占份额的事宜投票赞成相关董事会决议或签署在董事间传阅的相关书面决议；
(ii) 根据双方在本合同中达成一致的条款，同意并签署有关出资转让事宜的股权转让协议或类似协议。
解释：在该句原文中，译者就是按照原文的顺序对其中的定语从句进行翻译的。
2、Licensor represents and warrants that as of the Effective Date， the Technical Information, Tools, Operating Software and associated documentation are sufficient to permit Licensee to manufacture the Licensee Products with the same or equivalent quality and functionality as that manufactured by Licensor in its own factories provided that Licensee employs in its manufacturing operations trained personnel, production equipment, materials, methods and procedures, and management of equal or equivalent skills, standards and capabilities as employed by Licensor in its factories
参考译文：许可人陈述并担保，自合同生效日起，许可人提供的技术资料、工具、操作软件和其他相关文件足以让被许可人制造被许可产品，且制造出的被许可产品与许可人在其自己工厂中制造的产品具有相同或类似的质量和功能，但前提是被许可人在其制造过程中使用的技术人员、制造设备、物料、方法和程序以及管理人员在技能、标准和能力上与许可人在其厂房中使用的上述各项相同或相当。
解释：这个句子中的宾语从句很长，宾语从句中含有定语从句和转折状语从句。译者在翻译这个句子时将主句的谓语直接按其原意翻译过来，并未作位置调换，将其与后面的宾语从句分开。